SitiWanMahani - Perisikan Amerika Syarikat dan tentera yang menekan
Jabatan Negeri tidak dilesenkan (not to license) pembinaan stesen monitor untuk
GLONASS sistem navigasi Rusia di wilayah Amerika Syarikat, media mendedahkan.
Stesen dilaporkan mencetuskan kebimbangan peluang mengintip.
Moscow menghantar permintaan untuk membina stesen
monitor untuk GLONASS, sistem satelit Rusia sama dengan GPS, di wilayah Amerika
Syarikat pada Mei 2012.
White House telah memikirkan cadangan sejak itu.
Beberapa mesyuarat antara pihak berkuasa Rusia dan Amerika di stesen monitor
GLONASS di Amerika Syarikat telah berlaku, tetapi setakat ini keselamatan Amerika
Syarikat dan agensi-agensi tentera tidak bersetuju tentang bagaimana untuk
bertindak balas kepada permintaan Moscow.
CIA dan Pentagon mengesyaki bahawa stesen itu boleh
digunakan untuk mengumpul data perisikan dan tujuan ketenteraan yang lain,
seperti mengumpul Koordinat sebenar kemu-dahan rahsia di Amerika Syarikat untuk
ketepatan peluru berpandu panduan, laporan hujung minggu di The New York Times
mendedahkan.
“Dalam beberapa bulan kebelakangan ini, Agensi
Perisikan Pusat dan Pentagon telah secara senyap-senyap melancarkan kempen
untuk menghentikan Jabatan Negara daripada membenarkan Roscosmos . . . untuk
membina kira-kira setengah dozen struktur ini, yang dikenali sebagai stesen
monitor, di atas tanah Amerika Syarikat,” kata laporan itu mengatakan, memetik
pegawai Amerika Syarikat tanpa nama.
Kebimbangan adalah bahawa stesen mungkin membantu
Moscow mengintip Amerika Syarikat serta meningkatkan ketepatan senjata Rusia.
Spy
fears: CIA, Pentagon ‘Work Against’ Russia building
GLONASS station in US . . .
US intelligence and military are pressing the State
Department not to license construction of monitor stations for Russia’s GLONASS
navigation system on US territory, media reveals. The stations reportedly spark
fears of spying opportunities.
Moscow sent a request to build monitor stations for
GLONASS, a Russian satellite system similar to GPS, on US territory in May
2012.
The White House has been pondering over the proposal
ever since. A number of meetings between Russian and American authorities on
the GLONASS monitor stations in the US have taken place, but so far US security
and military agencies have not agreed about how to react to Moscow’s request.
The CIA and Pentagon suspect that such stations
could be used for collecting intelligence data and other military purposes,
like collecting exact coordinates of covert facilities in the US for precision
missile guidance, a weekend report in The New York Times revealed.
“In recent months, the Central Intelligence Agency
and the Pentagon have been quietly waging a campaign to stop the State
Department from allowing Roscosmos… to build about half a dozen of these
structures, known as monitor stations, on United States soil,” the report
alleges, quoting anonymous US officials.
The concerns are that the stations might help Moscow
spy on the US as well as improve the precision of Russian weaponry.
Boris
Zyryanov, ketua bahagian elektrik dan ujian radio navigasi satelit, menyelia
ujian elektrik yang GLONASS-M ruang navigasi satelit (Boris Zyryanov, chief of division of electric
and radio tests of navigating satellites, supervises the electric testing of
the GLONASS-M space navigation satellite (Reuters/Ilya Naymushin - think IN
pictures @1WORLDCommunity)
Juga, penggubal undang-undang Amerika tidak suka
idea bekerjasama dengan saingan langsung Amerika Syarikat kebangsaan Sistem
Kedudukan Global.
Minggu lepas Mike D. Rogers, Wakil Republikan
Alabama, menulis ‘mailout’ untuk Setia-usaha Negara John Kerry, Setiausaha
Pertahanan Chuck Hagel dan pengarah perisikan negara, James R. clapper,
menuntut penilaian mereka terhadap cadangan Rusia pada per-soalan kebangsaan
keselamatan.
Selain dari Amerika Syarikat dan Russia, China dan
EU juga membangunkan sistem SatNav mereka sendiri, Baidu dan Galileo
masing-masing.
“Mereka tidak mahu menjadi bergantung kepada sistem
Amerika dan percaya bahawa sistem mereka, seperti GPS, akan melahirkan industri
dan aplikasi lain,” kata seorang bekas pegawai kanan di Pejabat Jabatan Negara
Angkasa dan Teknologi Lanjutan kepada akh-bar itu. “Mereka merasakan seolah-olah
mereka kehilangan kelebihan teknologi kepada kita dalam pasaran yang penting.
Lihatlah segala-galanya GPS telah melakukan ke atas perkara-perkara seperti
telefon anda dan pergerakan kapal terbang dan kapal-kapal.”
Namun, White House setakat ini telah menentang
tuduhan masyarakat perisikan Amerika Syarikat terhadap Rusia sebagai “Ianya
tidak melihat mereka sebagai ancaman,” kata seorang pegawai pentadbiran yang
tidak dikenali.
Pentadbiran Obama sedang berusaha untuk memperbaiki
hubungan Rusia- Amerika, rosak dari Syria dan perlindungan kepada bekas
National Security Agency kontraktor Edward Snowden, yang mendedahkan dokumen-
disokong bukti Amerika Syarikat mengintip tahap yang tidak pernah berlaku
sebelum ini melalui rangkaian global, termasuk selepas sekutu mereka yang
terdekat.
Dalam Oktober 2012 Vitaly Davydov, Timbalan bekas
Roskosmos agensi angkasa Rusia, menunjukkan bahawa Moscow perlu menggunakan 8
stesen monitor di Amerika Syarikat untuk pengendalian yang betul sistem di
Amerika Utara. Beliau juga berkata 19 stesen monitor Amerika GPS sistem
kedudukan telah beroperasi di Rusia pada 2012.
Sebaliknya, dalam laporan terkini mengenai GLONASS
di Amerika Syarikat, NYT mendak-wa bahawa tidak ada memantau stesen GPS di Rusia
sekalipun.
Apakah
GLONASS
Pembangunan GLONASS sistem navigasi global
bermula di Soviet Union, yang meletakkan satelit pertama sistem ke orbit pada
12 Oktober 1982. Sistem ini secara rasmi ditugaskan pada 24 September 1993.
Walaupun beberapa roket rosak dengan melancarkan
satelit GLONASS dalam tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini, hari ini kumpulan orbit
GLONASS terdiri daripada 27 satelit, di mana 24 memastikan navigasi global dan
baki 3 adalah sama ada dalam rizab atau melakukan ujian peralatan eksperimen.
Rusia telah menggerakkan stesen sistem pembesaran ke
luar negara untuk beberapa lama sudah. Setakat ini, terdapat 14 stesen monitor
di Rusia, salah satu di Brazil dan satu di benua Antartika di Bellingshausen
stesen Rusia.
Banyak stesen GLONASS dijangka akan dibina dalam
masa terdekat: 8 di Rusia, 2 di Brazil, satu di Australia, Cuba, Indonesia,
Sepanyol, Vietnam dan stesen tambahan di Antartika.
Ia telah mengesahkan lebih awal pada bulan November
yang bermula dari 2014 semua telefon mudah alih dan peranti pegang tangan mudah
alih dengan fungsi navigasi, sama ada yang diimport atau dikeluarkan di Rusia,
perlu dilengkapi dengan GLONASS atau GLONASS dan mikrocip GPS.
Also, American lawmakers don’t like the idea of
cooperating with the direct rival of the US national Global Positioning System.
Last week Mike D. Rogers, Republican Representative
of Alabama, wrote a mailout to Secretary of State John Kerry, Defense Secretary
Chuck Hagel and the director of national intelligence, James R. Clapper,
demanding their assessment of the Russian proposal on the question of national
security.
Apart from the US and Russia, China and the EU are
also developing satnav systems of their own, Baidu and Galileo respectively.
“They don’t want to be reliant on the American
system and believe that their systems, like GPS, will spawn other industries
and applications,” a former senior official in the State Department’s Office of
Space and Advanced Technology told the newspaper. “They feel as though they are
losing a technological edge to us in an important market. Look at everything
GPS has done on things like your phone and the movement of planes and ships.”
Still, the White House so far has been opposing
accusations of the US intelligence com-munity against Russia as “It doesn't see
them as a threat,” an unidentified administration official said.
The Obama administration is currently trying to mend
Russian-American relations, damaged over Syria and asylum to former National
Security Agency contractor Edward Snowden, who revealed document-supported
evidence of the US spying on unprecedented levels over global networks,
including after their closest allies.
In October 2012 Vitaly Davydov, the former deputy of
Russia’s Roskosmos space agency, revealed that Moscow needs to deploy eight
monitor stations in the US for correct operation of the system in North
America. He also disclosed that 19 monitor stations of American GPS positioning
system were operable in Russia as of 2012.
On the contrary, in the latest report on the GLONASS
in the US, the NYT claims that there are no GPS monitor stations in Russia
whatsoever.
What is
GLONASS
The
development of the GLONASS global navigation system began in the Soviet Union,
which put the very first satellite of the system into orbit on October 12, 1982.
The system was officially commissioned on September 24, 1993.
Despite a number of faulty rocket launches with
GLONASS satellites in recent years, today the GLONASS orbit group consists of
27 satellites, of which 24 ensure global navigation and the remaining three are
either in reserve or perform experimental equipment tests.
Russia has been deploying augmentation system
stations abroad for some time already. So far there are 14 monitor stations in
Russia, one in Brazil and one on Antarctica's continent at Russia’s
Bellingshausen station.
More GLONASS stations are expected to be built in
the nearest future: eight in Russia, two in Brazil, one in Australia, Cuba,
Indonesia, Spain, Vietnam and an additional station in the Antarctic.
It was confirmed earlier in November that starting
from 2014 all mobile phones and portable handheld devices with navigation
functions, either imported or produced in Russia, must be equipped with
GLONASS, or GLONASS and GPS microchips.
Di
pos perintah untuk pengurusan GLONASS dalam Titov Utama Space Ujian Pusat (At the command post for GLONASS management in
the Titov Main Space Testing Center (RIA Novosti/Sergey Pyatakov - think IN
pictures @1WORLDCommunity)
GLONASS hari ini disokong pada produk daripada
pengeluar yang terkemuka di DUNIA peranti pegang tangan, seperti Samsung,
Nokia, Apple, Motorola dan lain-lain, serentak dengan GPS. Ini telah menjadi
mungkin sebahagian besarnya kerana pengeluar utama mikrocip, seperti Qualcomm,
telah mula mengeluarkan set cip GLONASS dibolehkan.
Pengenalan sistem kedudukan baru telah dialu-alukan
oleh pelanggan di seluruh DUNIA, kerana menggunakan kedua-dua GLONASS dan GPS
sistem meningkatkan ketepatan kedu-dukan. EGNOS projek Eropah menyatukan isyarat
dari kedua-dua sistem dan memberikan kedudukan tepat ke antara 1.5 dan 3 meter
di Eropah.
Dalam GLONASS dekad yang akan datang dijangka untuk
menggantikan satelit sedia ada dengan platform generasi baru yang akan
membolehkan 0.1 meter kedudukan tepat di mana sahaja di DUNIA, kecuali kawasan
kutub planet ini.
Today GLONASS is supported on products from
world-leading handheld device producers, such as Samsung, Nokia, Apple,
Motorola and others, simultaneously with GPS. This has become possible largely
because leading producers of microchips, such as Qualcomm, have started
producing GLONASS-enabled chipsets.
The introduction of a new positioning system has
been welcomed by customers worldwide, because using both GLONASS and GPS
systems increases the precision of positioning. European EGNOS project unites
signals from both systems and gives precision positioning down to between 1.5
and 3 meters in Europe.
Within the next decade GLONASS is expected to
replace existing satellites with new generation platforms that would enable 0.1
meter precision positioning anywhere in the world, except the polar regions of
the planet.
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