Allison
Shelley/GettyImages/AFP (think IN pictures @1WORLDCommunity)
Ct1Mahani | SitiWanMahani - Agensi
Keselamatan Negara Amerika Syarikat (NSA) telah secara senyap-senyap yang menimbangkan
alat yang digunakan oleh syarikat-syarikat pengiklanan dalam talian untuk
membandingkan sasaran pengawasan dan meningkatkan keupayaan pemantauan, menurut
satu laporan berdasarkan dokumen yang diperolehi oleh Edward Snowden .
Slaid
pembentangan diluluskan daripada pemberi maklumat NSA untuk Washington Post
mendedahkan bahawa kaedah pengesanan yang digunakan oleh laman web dan
pengiklan, yang dikenali sebagai ‘Cookies’ juga berfungsi Snoops (pengintip)
kerajaan dengan mengenal pasti sasaran yang berpotensi untuk menggodam.
NSA
dan rakan sejawatannya dari British, GCHQ, telah secara khusus menemui satu
cara untuk menganalisis Cookie Google khusus yang dikenali sebagai “Pref “ Cookie
. Walaupun data Pref tidak biasanya termasuk maklumat peribadi pengguna, ia
membawa kod yang membenarkan laman web dan penganalisis perisikan untuk
menentukan pelawat individu.
Slaid
yang menunjukkan bahawa data yang diekstrak daripada Cookies “membolehkan
eksploitasi jauh.” Kaedah ini tidak memerlukan NSA untuk menyusun melalui stok
penimbal besar metadata ia menuai setiap hari, sebaliknya ia membolehkan
penganalisis untuk sasaran pengguna tunggal - teknik yang mana Post berbanding
dengan sniper mensasarkan sasaran dengan penunjuk laser.
Selain
itu, seorang pengguna iPhone atau Android yang meninggalkan aplikasi pelayar
terbuka pada peranti mereka yang sengaja menghantar lokasi tertentu mereka
kepada NSA tanpa diberi amaran daripada pengangkut mereka.
“Pada
peringkat makro, ‘kami perlu untuk mengesan semua orang di mana-mana untuk
pengiklanan’ bermakna ‘kerajaan dapat mengesan semua orang di mana-mana,” kata
Chris Hoofnagle, pensyarah di UC Undang-undang Berkley.”Adalah sukar untuk
dielakkan.”
Ayat-ayat
tersebut yang terus timbul sejak Jun tidak wujud dalam gelembung, sebagai
syarikat teknologi telah mula mengetahui. Daniel Castro, seorang penganalisis
kanan di Teknologi Maklumat yang berpangkalan di Washington dan Yayasan Inovasi
pemikir, menulis dalam kajian baru yang Amerika “keseluruhan industri
berteknologi telah dikaitkan dan kini menghadapi serangan balas Global.”
California
Lembah Silikon - yang menjadi salah satu yang dominan global industri terima
kasih kepada populariti Apple, Google, Facebook, dan lain-lain - kini bersedia
untuk kehilangan $ 35 bilion pada pendapatan sebagai pengguna antarabangsa
mencari pilihan alternatif untuk mengelakkan memahami NSA itu.
Syarikat
awan dijangka mengambil melanda dalam tempoh 3 tahun akan datang kerana
kepercayaan terhadap sektor teknologi Amerika Syarikat dilanda kebocoran
pengawasan, walaupun penulis laporan itu memberi amaran bahawa kesan sebahagian
besarnya bergantung kepada sejauh mana teknik pengawasan masih rahsia digunakan
oleh lain2 kerajaan.
“Kesan
PRISM kepada syarikat-syarikat mungkin meruncing kerana pengkomputeran awan
adalah industri yang berkembang pesat,” Castro menulis. “Ini bermakna bahawa
vendor pengkomputeran awan bukan sahaja perlu mengekalkan pelanggan yang sedia
ada , mereka perlu giat merekrut pelanggan baru untuk mengekalkan bahagian
pasaran . . . Jika syarikat-syarikat Amerika Syarikat kehilangan bahagian
pasaran dalam jangka pendek ini, ini akan mempunyai kesan jangka panjang ke
atas kelebihan daya saing mereka dalam industri yang baru ini.”
NSA
uses Advertisers’ Cookies to track Specific Web
browsers - report
The
US National Security Agency has quietly subverted the tools used by online
advertising companies in order to track surveillance targets and improve its
monitoring ability, according to a report based on documents obtained by Edward
Snowden.
Presentation
slides passed from the NSA whistleblower to the Washington Post reveal that the
tracking method used by websites and advertisers, known as ‘cookies,’ also
serves government snoops by identifying potential targets to hack.
The
NSA and its British counterpart, GCHQ, have specifically found a way to analyze
a Google-specific cookie known as the “PREF” cookie. While PREF data does not
usually include a user’s personal information, it does carry codes that allow
websites and intelligence analysts to determine an individual visitor.
The
slides indicate that the data extracted from the cookies “enable remote
exploitation.” This method does not require the NSA to sort through the massive
stockpile of metadata it harvests every day; instead it allows analysts to
target a single user – a technique which the Post compared to a sniper aiming
at a target with a laser pointer.
Also,
an iPhone or Android user who leaves a browser application open on their device
may be unwittingly transmitting their specific location to the NSA without
being given a warning from their carrier.
“On
a macro level, ‘we need to track everyone everywhere for advertising’
translates into ‘the government being able to track everyone everywhere,’” said
Chris Hoofnagle, a lecturer at UC Berkley Law. “It’s hard to avoid.”
Such
revelations that have continued to surface since June do not exist in a bubble,
as technology companies have begun to find out. Daniel Castro, a senior analyst
at the Washington-based Information Technology and Innovation Foundation
think-tank, wrote in a new study that America’s “entire tech industry has been
implicated and is now facing a global backlash.”
California’s
Silicon Valley – which became one of the dominant global industries thanks to
the popularity of Apple, Google, Facebook, and others – is now poised to lose
$35 billion in revenue as international users seek alternative options to avoid
the NSA’s grasp.
Cloud
companies are expected to take the hit over the next three years as trust in
the US technology sector is hit by the surveillance leaks, although the
report’s authors warn that the effect will largely depend on the extent of
still-secret surveillance techniques employed by other governments.
“The
impact of PRISM on US companies may be particularly acute because cloud
computing is a rapidly growing industry,” Castro wrote. “This means that cloud
computing vendors not only have to retain existing customers, they must
actively recruit new customers to retain market share…If US companies lose
market share in the short term, this will have long-term implications on their
competitive advantage in this new industry.”
READ
MORE: http://on.rt.com/il8oiv
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